Lecture1:Theer’sSecreton
Inourdailylives,weareallers.Whenhtsareinfringedupon,howshouldwesafeguarditimateis?
TheFualDriversBehindtheEmergenceoferLaw
CaseStudy:
Ashoppingmaldvertiseda"clearancesale,"gasuitinallypricedat?6,999wasnow?699.XiaoLiimmediatelypurchasedone.However,atanothermall,hesawtheexactsamebrandandqualitysuitforonly?399.Feelingdeceived,XiaoLifiledapintagainstthemall,arguingithadviotederrights.
erIssues
□Whatareerissues?
*Broadly:erissuesrefertovarioussocialproblemsarisinginptionlifeohesocialeyreachesacertainlevelofdevelopment.
*Narrowly:erissuesrefertosituationswhereers'legitimaterightsandisareinfringeduponbybusinessoperatorsduringthepurchaseoruseofergoodsortheacceptanceoferservices.
BackgroundtotheEmergenceoferIssues
1.erissuesareaableproductofsocietyreagaspecifichistoricalstage,closelylihedevelopmentofaodityey.TheSedSocialDivisionofLabraduallycrifiedthedistinbetweenersandnon-ers,markingtheiionoferissues.
2.TheproliferationoferissuesoccurredaftertheThirdSocialDivisionofLabor.Theriseofthemertcssgraduallyestablishedproducers,operators,andersasmarketentitieswithindepeeiterests.Undermarketeyditions,flictsbetweenersaorsbecamefrequentandwidespread.Intransaswithproducersaors,ers—asdispersedandisotedindividuals—oftenoccupyaosition.Theirpersonalsafetyandpropertyarevulnerabletement.erissuesevolvedfromsporadic,isotedisintoawidespreadsocialproblemaffegthemajorityofers.
3.Enteringmodernsociety,thedisadvantagedpositionofershasfurtherdeteriorated,exacerbatingerissues.
*Moderyleshavemadehumansurvivalincreasinglydepeonodities.
*Thegapintransapowerbetweeorsandershasgrownincreasinglydisparate.
*Advasinsdteologyformoodsandserviceshaveincreasedthedifficultyoferjudgment.
*Theexpansionofmarketscopeandmulti-tieredprodu-distributionshavemadeerredressmoredifficult.
TheerMovement
Theemergendescationoferissuesatedspeciallegalproteforerrightsandis.currently,vigorousermovementsworldwidespurredthelegistiveprocessforerprote.Theermovementisananizedsocialcampaignfightingforers'duerightsandshieldingthemfromunfairtreatmentimposedbyoperators.
StagesoftheerMovement
*AwakeningStage:Late19thtoearly20thtury,asdevelopedcapitalistnationstransitioowardmonopolyandsocialization.
*AchievementStage:Afterthe1960s,themovemeeredits"AchievementStage."Itsscopeexpandedsignifitly,andtheranksofthoseparticipatinginrightsdefenseswelledrapidly.
*IionalizationTrend:Fromthe1970sto1980s,theermovementtreowardiionalization.March15thisnnizedgloballyas"WorlderRightsDay."
erMovement:AwakeningStage
Late19thtoearly20thtury,asdevelopedcapitalistnationstransitioowardmonopolyandsocialization.
*Uates:In1891,theNewYorkerAssociationwasfouheworld'sfirsteranizatioprotegeris.
*Japan:TheMaMilkarsenicpoisoningi.
erMovement:AchievementStage
Afterthe1960s,themovemeeredits"AchievementStage."Itsscopeexpandedsignifitly,andtheranksofthoseparticipatinginrightsdefenseswelledrapidly.(TakingJapanasanexample)
*Japan:
*1960:"FakeBeefedFood"i.
*May1962:ActAgainstUnjustifiablePremiumsandMisleadingRepresentations.
*May1968:JapaeditsfirstBasierProteLaw.
erMovement:IionalizationTrend
Fromthe1970sto1980s,theermovementtreowardiionalization.
insofWorlderRightsDay(March15th):
*March15,1962:U.S.PresidentKennedypresehe"erBillhts"togress.
*1983:TheIionalanizationofersUnions(IOCU)designatedMarch15thas"WorlderRightsDay."
II.CharacteristidNatureoferProteLaw
1.erProteLawisthecollectivetermforspecializedlegalnormsdesigoproteerrightsandis,teringonthe
sumerasthesubjederrightsasthecore.
2.Asanemergingfieldofw,erProteLawpossessesmanycharacteristicsdistintraditionalws(primarilyCivilLaw).
TiltedProteforthe"arty"
Legally,ersaorsareequalsubjectswhoshouldreceiveequalprote.However,inactualtransaprocesses(ption),ersareclearlytheartyretivetooperators.(Keymaions)
*Thislegaltiltdoesnotviotetheprincipleoffairness;rather,itreflectsgenuinefairnessfromanotherperspective(SubstantiveFairness).
*Example:TherevisederProteLaw(2013)introduew"RightofWithdrawal"(Cooling-offPeriod)forersinArticle25.
SpecializedProteAgenciesandSpecialMeasures
*CivilLawgenerallystiputestherightsandobligationsofpartieswithoutestablishingspecializedagenciesforprote.Whenrightsareinfringed,partiesmustresorttojudicialproceduresuheprincipleof"notrialwithoutpint."Intrast,erProteLawtypicallymandatesspecializedagenciesforerprote.
*CivilLawoffersproteonlyex-post(afterthefact),whereaserProteLawallowsforex-ante(preventative)prote.Evenex-post,CivilLawrequirestheinjuredpartytoinitiatelitigation,whileerProteLawsometimesimposesdirectobligationsoorstoactwithoutrequiringtheertofileacim.
*ThisfeatureistypifiedbytheRecallSystem.
SpecialLiabilityRegimes
*Intherealmofcivilliability,erProteLawgenerallydoesnotlimitpensationtoactualdamages("payoneforone").Underspecificcircumstaimposespunitivedamages.
*Pre-revisionerProteLawArticle49stiputed:"Whereabusinessoperatoritsfraudulentaprovidinggoodsorservices,itshall,attheer'srequest,ihepensationforthelossessufferedbytheer.Theamountofincreasedpensationshallbetwicethepriceofthegoodspurchasedortheservicesreceived."
*Thiswasthemostnotableandtroversialprovisionofthew,servingasthedirectbasisforthewidelydiscussed"WangHaiPhenomenon"(professionanti-fraudbuying)iyears.
*TherevisederProteLawgedArticle49toArticle55,signifitlyincreasingboththescopeandtheforceofpenalties.