Chapter1TheProposandDevelopmentofEcologicalCivilization
I.TheinofEcologicalCivilization
1.WhatisCivilization?
DefinitionfromXinhuaDiary:
Thesumtotalofwealthcreatedbyhumanborandwisdhoutthelongcourseofhistoricaldevelopment.
Itsfunsaretwofold:first,topursueindividualmoralperfe;sed,tosafeguardpubliterestsandsocialorder.
DefinitionfromOxfordDiary:
First,itreferstoaretivelyadvaageinthedevelopmentofhumansociety,beginningafterhumanityemergedfromignorandbarbarism,evolvingintoanurban-linkedlifestylecharacterizedbyetiquette.
Sed,itdescribesastateofrefinedpersonalbehavior.
Etymology:Therootof"Civilization"(civil)sharesthesameinastheLatinwordcivitas,meaning"city."
CriteriafortheEmergenanCivilization:
*Theappearanceofcities
*Theemergenceofwriting
*Theestablishmentofstatesystems
TheStartingPointofHumanCivilization:TheSumeriaablishednumerouscity-statesanddevelopedwritinginthe"Mesopotamia"regioweentheEuphratesandTigrisriversaround4000BCE,markingthedawnofhumancivilization.
2.TheEvolutionofHumanCivilization
(1)PrimitiveCivilization
*Theloeraioryofhumancivilization.
*Survivalwasstrainedbynature;humanspassivelyadaptedtoandblindlyworshippednature.
*Productivitylevelswerelow;toolsincludedstoneimplements,bowsandarrows,andfire-makingbydrillingwood.
*Subsistencereliedmainlyonfishingandhunting,directlyutilizingnaturalanismsaslivingresources.
(2)AgriculturalCivilization
*Alsoknownasthe"YellowCivilization,"termedtheFirstWavebyAlvinToffler.
*Humaoactivelyuand,modify,andutilizenature,cultivatingcropsanddomestiganimals.
*Simpleprodutoolsandteologiesemerged;produactivitiesteredandanimalhusbandry.
*Activitiessuchasdeforestationandionincreasedsoilerosion.However,natureremaineddominant,auralecologicalbancehadbeenfuallydisrupted.
(3)IndustrialCivilization
*Alsoknownasthe"BckCivilization,"termedtheSedWavebyAlvinToffler.
*Industrialmanufacturingrepcedtraditionagricultureandworkshops.
*Itisbasedonhumaivityandsurvivalneeds,withafualvalueorientationofqueringnature.
*Theretionshipbetweenhumansandnatureischaracterizedbyquestandbeingquered,plunderandbeingplundered,exploitationandutilization.
*Whilebringingunpretedmaterialenjoyment,italsoledtosevereenviroaldamageandresourcecrises.Naturalecosystemsfelloutofbance,beingincapableofself-restoration,leadingtointensifiednaturaldisasters.
II.EnviroalProblemsBroughtbyIndustrialCivilization
1.GlobalWarming
*Overthepasttury,theglobaveragetemperaturehasshowardtrendamidstfluctuatioweenwarmandcol
dperiods.
*From1981to1990,theglobaveragetemperatureroseby0.48°paredtoaturyearlier.
*PrimaryCause:Themassiveptionoffossilfuels(e.g.,coal,oil,etc.)overthepasttury,emittingrgequantitiesofgreenhousegasessuchasdmethane.
*Mainsequences:Redistributionofglobalprecipitatioingofgciersandpermafrost,risingsealevels,andanincreaseiremeweatherevents.Thesetrendsdisruptnaturalecologicalbandthreatenhumanfoodsupplyandlivingenviros.
2.Statusofollutionina
*PollutionRankingofSevenMajorRiverSystems:HaiRiver>LiaoRiver>HuaiRiver>YellowRiver>SonghuaRiver>PearlRiver>YangtzeRiver
*PollutionRankingofMajorFreshwaterLakes:ChaohuLake>DianchiLake>NansiLake>TaihuLake>HongzeLake>DongtingLake>JingpoLake>XingkaiLake>BostenLake>SonghuaLake>ErhaiLake
*FiveGreatFreshwaterLakes:PoyangLake,DongtingLake,TaihuLake,HongzeLake,ChaohuLake
3.StatusofArableLandPollutionina
*Currently,over10%ofa'scultivatedndarea(approximately150millionmu)isinatedbyheavymetals.
*Sewageirrigationhaspolluted32.5millionmuoffarmnd.
*Solidwastestockpilingoccupiesordestroys2millionmuoffarmnd.
4.StatusofSoilErosionina
PeriodAreaofSoilErosionPertageofNatioory
1950s1.6millionkm?16.7%
1990s4.92millionkm?51%
20152.9491millionkm?30.7%
20182.7369millionkm?28.6%